Category Archive: 4) FX Trends

He has been covering the global capital markets in one fashion or another for more than 30 years, working at economic consulting firms and global investment banks. After 14 years as the global head of currency strategy for Brown Brothers Harriman, Chandler joined Bannockburn Global Forex, as a managing partner and chief markets strategist as of October 1, 2018.

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(1) What Determines FX Rates?

The effects of so-called “currency wars” and other central bank actions are small compared to the long-term impact made by these five catalysts, which include credit cycles, trade balance, differences in economic growth, and more.

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(1.1) Currencies: Asian vs. American bloc

We indicate the main factors that influence FX rates in the longer term. We explain the movements of currencies based on these factors.

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(13) Germany and the Currencies in Northern Europe

German spending is one factor that drives currencies in Northern Europe.

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(2) FX Theory: Purchasing Power Parity

An economic theory that estimates the amount of adjustment needed on the exchange rate between countries in order for the exchange to be equivalent to each currency's purchasing power.

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(2.1) OECD Purchasing Power Parity Index

The OECD purchasing power parity compares consumption prices in different countries.

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(2.2) Purchasing Power Parity: Big Mac and Starbucks Tall Latte

The following table compares the Big Mac and the Starbucks Tall Latte index among different countries. It explains the issues with these measurements.

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(2.3) Differences in global CPI baskets

Typically poorer countries have a basket with a higher weight for food and other consumption goods, but richer states give them a smaller weight. Here the full details over different countries

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(2.4) Purchasing Power Parity: Prefer Export Price Indices against PPI

ubs export-weighted exchange rate chf, real effective exchange rate linear trend deviation from trend

The weighted average of country's currency relative to index or basket of other major currencies adjusted for inflation. We explain the Real Effective Exchange Rate for the Franc, the Yen and Renmimbi

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(2.6) CPI-based Real Effective Exchange Rate Since 1965: Yen Still Most Overvalued Currency

Japa Switzerland Norway New Zealand Germany Australia Singapore Italy Canada Franc UK USA United States

If we calculate Real Effective Exchange rates on the base year 1965, the Japanese yen remains the most overvalued currency. This analysis is based on the real effective exchange rate (REER) provided by the Bank of International Settlement (BIS) and a consumer price-index adjusted exchange rate. The real value of the yen is around 50% higher than 1965, the same applies to the Swiss franc.

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(2.7) The Most Complete Real Effective FX Rate Comparison

In August 2013 the Bruegel blog offered one of the best comparison of long-term real effective exchange rates (REER). The data is CPI based and therefore not as good as the producer price index (PPI) that reflects tradable goods better. However the data is huge with three different sources - BIS, World Bank, Eurostat, OECD and Bruegel. The data indicates how the real value of the currencies of China and many other Emerging Markets (EM) have...

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(3) Inflation, Central Banks and Interest Rates

In this chapter we connect three related concepts: inflation, central banks and interest rates.

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(3.1) FX Theory: Interest Rate Parity

real interest rates euro uk czech us turkey south africa india mexico norway canda hungary japan switzerland israel korea sweden indonesia china new zealand brazil russia poland australia chile

The interest rate parity gives a mathematical explanation for the purchasing power parity and real effective interest rates

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(4) The Main FX Trading Strategies

Currency Intervention and Mean Reversion

Carry Trades, Central Bank Interventions, Fundamental Data, mean reversion, Momentum Trades, Overshooting, trend following

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(5) The Balance of Payments Model

The Balance of Payments is the sum of current and capital account. The Balance of Payments model states that a currency appreciate when the Balance of Payments is positive. We give an explanation in around 400 words, that clarifies the relationships.

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(5.1) FX Theory: The Trade Surplus and the Real Exchange Rate Mean Reversion

Trade and Current Account Deficit United States 1980-2012

George Dorgan explains why currencies of countries with trade surpluses must appreciate over the long-term. Thanks to these surpluses, inflation and costs of companies rise more slowly than in other countries. In Forex a mean reversion does not exist, but only an inflation-adjusted reversion to the mean: a real exchange rate mean reversion or in short the "real mean reversion."

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