FX Weekly Preview: Three Highlights in the Week Ahead

United States

In December, the median forecast for growth this year was shaved to 2.3% from 2.5%. The median dot for 2020 and 2021 was unrevised at 2.0% and 1.8% respectively. Like many private sector economists, officials will likely recognize that the economic weakness in Q1 may be more pronounced than anticipated and could trim their forecasts again.

Growth forecasts need to be understood within the context of what is seen as the long-term prospects, which are understood as trend growth. The range of forecasts in December was 1.7% to 2.2% (in September it was 1.7% to 2.1%), so the median projection at the end of last year was for a little more than trend growth. The new update will put it back into the range. A forecast below the range would be understood as a dovish signal, of course, but the variable lag times, even projections of growth in the future years below the range of the long-term forecasts would impact the trajectory of policy.

Federal Reserve Chair Powell indicated that he would like to see inflation accelerate before resuming the tightening cycle. In December, the median forecast for both the headline and core PCE deflator was pared to 0.1% to 1.9% and 2.0% respectively. The 2020 and 2021 median headline forecast did not change. It remained at 2.1% for both years, while the median core forecast was slipped 0.1% to 2.0% for both years. Core inflation readings have been soft and market measures of inflation.

Meanwhile, the 10-year breakeven (spread between the conventional Treasury securities and inflation-linked instruments) has risen by about 20 bp from late last year to 1.93%. The two-year breakeven shot up from around 65 bp last December and early January to 1.985%. The University of Michigan survey of 5-10 year inflation expectations bounced between 2.4% and 2.6% last year and fell to 2.3% in February, matching the cyclical low set at the end of 2016. The preliminary March estimate jumped back into the range at 2.5%.

Discussions of the dramatic drop in equities and yields in Q4 18, often do not include the collapse in oil prices from around $75 WTI and $85 Brent in late September/early October to $43 and $50 respectively by the end of 2018. Both have rallied more than 35% off the lows. Fed officials also see tighter labor markets this year with the median forecast for the unemployment rate to fall to 3.5% this year. It stood at 3.9% in December and last month was at 3.8%.

In December, two of the seventeen officials anticipated that no hikes were necessary this year.  It is easy to see how the four officials that saw one hike could join the standpat camp. Eleven Fed officials had foreseen the need for two or more rate increases, almost evenly divided (6/5 in favor of three). It seems unreasonable to expect them all to completely reverse themselves. The median forecast will still likely anticipate a hike. The market is not there. The January 2020 fed funds futures contract implies a 2.30% average effective rate. It is currently at 2.40%.

Economic Events: United States, Week March 18

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United Kingdom

The strongest majority in the UK House of Commons was to reject the Withdrawal Bill negotiated by the Tory government and the EC. There is only one way it will pass, and that is for the alternatives to be perceived as worse. May has framed the issue as ultimately a choice between the Withdrawal Bill, leaving with no agreement, and not leaving at all.

The stark choice facing Parliament on Tuesday is to accept Withdrawal Bill or put the length of the extension in the EC’s hands. Assuming the House of Commons is still not persuaded, May will go to the EU Summit and admit that the UK is not quite ready to leave, thank you. She will have to explain why an extension is needed and what the UK will during the extension.

One would think that if Parliament can vote on the same measure three or four times, surely a second popular referendum is not some abridgment of democracy. Even though Labour formally endorses a second referendum, it largely voted against the very thing last week, as did an overwhelming majority. The bar to a second referendum still appears high. May will not be telling the other heads of state that she needs more time to hold a second referendum. Nor is she likely to announce snap elections.

It is not clear what a short delay will accomplish. European Council President Tusk has advocated a longer extension. It is not clear what a long delay will accomplish. It prolongs the uncertainty for businesses. Time is not the real problem. It is that the UK seems to know what it does not want, like immigration and unelected officials in Brussel making rules, but it does not know what it does want.  And to the extent it knows what it wants, it is to have its cake and eat it too, reaping the benefits of a community without any of its subordination of interests.

The Withdrawal Bill will likely get more support in the third attempt than it got in the first two. Many Brexiters, encouraged by the Prime Minister will view a long delay as a Trojan Horse for an eventual reversal. The vote will cast as a reenactment of the referendum. Leave with the Withdrawal Plan or don’t leave.

One may be forgiven for thinking the third defeat would surely kill the Withdrawal Bill. There may be the fourth incarnation. After the European Council offers its extension, then the final vote on the Withdrawal Bill can be held. At the same time, in order to continue to control the process, May ceded to Parliament the right to debate alternatives, such as a Norway-styled relationship that would still allow the UK full access to the half a billion consumer bloc.

Current volatility suggests a range for sterling next week, between roughly $1.30 and $1.36. One-week implied volatility finished the week a little below 16%. The 100-day moving average is 10.50%, putting the current level a little more than two standard deviations above it.

Economic Events: United Kingdom, Week March 18

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Eurozone

The European Central Bank recently chopped this year’s growth forecast by a third to 1.1% (from 1.7%) and warned that risks were still on the downside. Did they overreact?  Investors did. They panicked in Q4 18, driving the Dow Jones Stoxx 600 down around 12.25% and pushing it back up almost 13% so far here in Q1.

The flash Markit March PMIs will be reported at the end of the week. The composite reading will likely improve for the second consecutive month. The composite rose in only three months last year. If it did rise in March, it would be the first back-to-back increase since November and December 2017. In February it stood at 51.9. It averaged 52.3 in Q4 18 and 54.6 for the whole year.

The German manufacturing sector has been hit by both domestic (diesel engine reliance) and foreign (slowing of China) shocks. The manufacturing PMI fell every month last year but July.  It fell below the 50 boom/bust level in January and fell further in February. March may be the first increase since last July, but it may still be below 50. The same general pattern holds for EMU’s manufacturing PMI except that it slipped below 50 only in February.

The eurozone service PMI has fared better as it is less sensitive to the global slowdown and trade disruption. It rose six times last year and was unchanged once. The service PMI peaked January 2018 at 58 and trended lower to 51.2 in December 2018 and January 2019. It rose to 52.8 in February, which matches the Q4 18 average. It seems to be a bit exaggerated.  It is the largest gain since February 2016.

The euro has retraced the ECB-induced losses in full. It had finished the night before the ECB meeting a little above $1.1305 and closed last week a touch above $1.1320. On the back of disappointing US industrial production and an unexpected decline in February manufacturing output, the euro reached almost $1.1345, its best level since March 4. We anticipate additional gains into the $1.1400-$1.1420 area in the coming days. With one-week volatility a little above 5%, the implied range would be around $1.1230 to $1.1430.

Economic Events: Eurozone, Week March 18

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Switzerland

Economic Events: Switzerland, Week March 18

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